Product Description

Benny Morris’ The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem was published in 1988. Its startling revelations about how and why 700,000 Palestinians left their homes and became refugees during the Arab-Israeli war in 1948 undermined traditional interpretations as to whether they left voluntarily or were expelled as part of a systematic plan. This book represents a revised edition of the earlier work, compiled on the basis of newly-opened Israeli military archives. While the focus remains the 1948 war and the analysis of the Palestinian exodus, the new material contains more information about what happened in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa, and how events there led to the collapse of Palestinian urban society. It also sheds light on the battles and atrocities that resulted in the disintegration of rural communities. The story is a harrowing one. The refugees now number four million and their existence remains a major obstacle to peace.

Product Details

• Amazon Sales Rank: #317923 in Books
• Published on: 2003-12-11
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Paperback
• 664 pages

Review
'The book is thorough, shocking, and based upon the highest standard of historical research.' Journal of Peace Research

'When published in 1988, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem was the first serious history of one of the central issues behind the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. A revised edition following the opening up of Israeli state archives for the period, examines in greater detail the actual events behind the flight of Palestinians from Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa.' Jewish Chronicle

Review of the first edition ‘… The most comprehensive and detailed study yet published on the Palestinian refugees.’ The Economist

Review of the first edition ‘This excellent myth-debunking book … deserves a wide readership among those who want to understand what has happened in Israel over the last 40 years rather than repeat discredited propaganda which serves only to prolong the war.’ The Spectator

Review of the first edition ‘Mr Morris … is a rare combination of journalist and painstaking research historian, whose thorough use of Israeli, British and American archives - many of the materials unavailable until now - has enabled him to present a definitive history of his subject.’ The New York Times Book Review

About the Author
Benny Morris is Professor of History in the Middle East Studies Department, Ben-Gurion University. He is an outspoken commentator on the Arab-Israeli conflict, and is one of Israel’s premier revisionist historians. His publications include Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999 (2001), and Israel’s Border Wars, 1949–56 (1997).

Customer Reviews

The canonical text on the refugee issue
Benny Morris is pretty much the only researcher to have bothered with the primary documentation on this issue. If you read pretty much every single other work - either serious or otherwise - you will see that the source is inevitably Morris's work. Even Pappe, Massalha and Finkelstein who attack Morris's thesis, in the very, very few sources they give for their contentions rely on a [distorted] Morris. As usual with history it is best to go to the source.

Morris presents a number of issues for propagandists of both sides. As is normal with history, there is no black and white and there is even more complexity in the Palestinian issue than in other wars due to the multilateral aspect of the war. Morris certainly DOES NOT accept Finkelstein and Massalha's thesis on transfer - anyone who has read this and other works by Morris will know he goes to great and unnecessary lengths to disprove what they say. Morris also reminds the reader that there was a brutal war going on, a war the Arabs launched and ultimately lost. Morris also DOES NOT shrink from calling a massacre a massacre but also does not shrink from calling a battle a battle. He also deals with the issue of Tantura - the "massacre" Pappe has been showcasing for years, a "massacre" where the people - Palestinian and Israeli - interviewed on tape deny happened, the tape of the interviews the researcher claimed demonstrated massacres "disappeared", where none of the contemporaneous documentation shows happened - the natives of the village complain about looting but not nearly a quarter of their village being "massacred" - a "survivor" has written a book denying the "massacre" ever happened and there are no missing people who could have been "massacred". Oh and the researcher who "discovered" it admitted he made it up.

Again anyone who actually read the book would know Morris does detail around a dozen atrocities - defined as deliberate killing of civilians and PoWs - resulting in around 800 dead. He also details a number of villages where the inhabitants were expelled but the vast majority clearly left with little or no encouragement from the Israelis but for a mixture of other reasons - such as the mass abandonment of the Palestinians by their leaders and upper classes, economical issues such as the shortage and price of food, fear of battles, fear of what they had been told the Jews would do to those who stayed behind, orders from the AHC - mainly to evacuate women, children and the infirm out of the battle areas(ie most of what was 1948 Israel) and drafting by the ALA and other Palestinian militia. He also documents the political discussions going on during the exodus on the Israeli side - and it is quite, quite clear that the exodus wasn't "planned" and that the Israelis were certainly taken by surprise as to the speed and size of the exodus and that for every person like Weitz - who anti-Israelis make much of - there are three other people running around trying to get arabs to stay. One of the reasons Pappe has resorted to claiming that the "plan for expulsion" is so top secret is because there is absolutely no evidence to back his argument up( it is like any decent conspiracy theory, it is the LACK OF EVIDENCE that makes it so compelling... ).

All in all, if your interest is SOLELY the Palestinian refugee problem then short of going to the archives yourself this is the canonical text. If want to understand the birth of the conflict then this is going to give you a very one-sided view. Morris is open about this, this is a book that is focused on one aspect of the 1948 war. You won't read here about the undeniable cleansing of 100% of all Jews from areas conquered by the arabs including tens of thousands from East Jerusalem(most of whom had lived there for centuries), you won't hear about the executions of those who stayed behind in Israeli villages or the massacre of 150 unarmed PoWs and civilians in Gush Etzion. Nor will you hear about the numerous attempts the Israelis made to head off the war. For that you may need to wait for Morris's new book...

Excellent, but with a flawed conclusion.
This is an update of Morris' groundbreaking 1988 study, which finally shattered the Zionist myth that Palestinian refugees left Palestine in 1947/48 because they were told to do so by their own leaders or by Arab leaders in preparation for a military invasion. In reality the myth had been nailed before this but Morris went through Israeli military archives to show that the standard myth could not be sustained even from within the Zionists own documents. Morris concluded that the exodus of the Palestinians from their land was `the result of war, not design.'

After 1988, however, Nur Masalha showed that the concept of `transfer' - the expulsion of all or most of the Palestinian people had always been at the centre of Zionist ideology.

In `Revisited', Morris accepts that Masalha was correct, that the concept of transfer has been central to Zionist ideology. However, Morris claims to see no link between this ideology of `transfer' and the fact of the dispossession of the Palestinian people.

Morris adds more research to flesh out his previous work. We see from the Zionist archives how pretty much every city, town, village, hamlet and farm that was cleansed, was cleansed of its indigenous people. It makes for a grim slog through over 600 pages. Numerous massacres are carefully documented, even though Morris shrinks from calling a massacre a massacre, preferring instead to call them `eliminations', `executions' and other such terms.

The evidence for a massive crime against humanity is there for all to see. Which makes Morris' conclusion, the same one that he offered in the first edition of this work, that the cleansing of Palestine was a result of `war not design', all the more surprising and, frankly, unsustainable. Morris's conclusion is made all the more unsustainable by the fact that a month after publication of this book, in an interview with Ha'aretz, he conceded that transfer was 'in the air', that an act of ethnic cleansing had taken place and was justified.

What to make of such a conclusion? Is Morris simply spinning in order to promote the most favourable analysis for Israel? Is he a poor analytical historian but a good archivist - someone who, having found the evidence is weak when it comes to interpretation?

Most supporters of Israel now realise that their old version of the Palestinian exodus, that it was largely voluntary, is unsustainable. This unsustainability is, in no short measure, due to Morris's work and, in the past, supporters of Israel have viciously attacked Morris for undermining their narrative of history. Now, however, the Morris conclusion that the exodus is the consequence of 'war not design' looks attractive for the supporters of Israel who now seek to establish this conclusion as the new orthodox narrative as it absolves Israel of the charge of ethnic cleansing.

I recommend that you follow this work up with Ilan Pappe's `The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine' which puts the events Morris documents so carefully into their political and historical context. Pappe produces the link between the ideology and practice of `transfer' in the form of detailed plans and orders for the Zionist forces which committed the cleansing of the Palestinians and undermines Morris's conclusion.