| The Sassanid dynasty was founded in 226 AD by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian king, Artabanus IV. Uniquely the Romans regarded the Sassanid Persian Empire as their equal, with letters written by the Roman Emperor to the Persian Shahanshah addressing him as "my brother." Conflict with Rome began shortly after the foundation of the Empire with raids in Mesopotamia and Syria in 230. A Roman counter-offensive in 232 under Severus met with mixed fortunes. The struggle resumed and intensified under Ardashir's successor Shapur I. In 259 he captured Valerian I after crushing his army in the Battle of Edessa, but his subsequent advance ended in defeat. After a truce in the 350s Shapur II launched a new campaign in 359 provoking an offensive in 363 by Roman Emperor Julian who gained victory in the Battle of Ctesiphon. With both empires then preoccupied by barbarian threats from the north, a largely peaceful period followed, interrupted only by two brief wars in 421-2 and 440. | ||
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Sassanid Persian
